Lagash was one of the oldest cities in ancient Mesopotamia, located in what is now Iraq. It thrived as a major center during the Early Dynastic Period, with its history stretching back to around 2500 BC. Lagash is renowned for its contributions to the development of Sumerian culture, including art, literature, and governance. The city’s ruins, including temples, palaces, and various artifacts, offer a window into the life and times of early urban civilizations.
Ancient Civilizations
All Ancient Civilizations, Cultures and People
Eridu
Eridu, located in present-day Iraq, is often cited as one of the oldest cities in the world. It was once a significant port city on the Persian Gulf, thriving with activity and trade. Eridu is particularly notable for its temple dedicated to the god Enki, one of the chief deities in the Sumerian pantheon. Archaeological excavations have revealed a sequence of temples, each built atop the ruins of its predecessor, indicating the city’s long-standing religious significance. The city’s history is deeply intertwined with the earliest developments of urbanization and state formation in Mesopotamia.
Amri
Amri is an ancient archaeological site located in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It dates back to the pre-Harappan period, showcasing a continuous occupation from the 4th millennium BCE to the end of the 3rd millennium BCE. The site is significant for its early development of urbanization in the Indus Valley Civilization. Excavations at Amri have revealed a sequence of cultures, providing insights into the prehistoric development of the region.
Bhirrana
Bhirrana, also spelt as Bhirdana and Birhana, is an archaeological site located in the Indian state of Haryana. It has gained prominence for being one of the oldest pre-Harappan sites, where evidence of continuous settlement can be traced back to before the rise of the Indus Valley Civilization. Excavations at Bhirrana have revealed a pre-Harappan culture dating back to as early as 7570-6200 BCE. The site showcases early evidence of farming and pastoralist activities in the region, providing crucial insights into the prehistoric era of the Indian subcontinent.
Girsu
Girsu, once a prominent city in ancient Mesopotamia, remains a testament to the Sumerian civilization’s ingenuity. Located in present-day Iraq, it was one of the earliest known cities in world history. Girsu thrived as a major urban center during the third millennium BC. It was a hub of culture, religion, and governance for the Sumerians. The city is particularly renowned for its temple dedicated to the god Ningirsu, showcasing the spiritual devotion of its inhabitants. Excavations have unearthed a wealth of artifacts and cuneiform tablets, offering insights into early urban life and the dawn of writing.
Bad-tibira (Tell al-Madain)
Bad-tibira, also known as Tell al-Madain, is an ancient Sumerian city. It was one of the earliest urban centers in the world. The city’s name translates to “Fortress of the Copper Workers,” hinting at its historical significance in metalwork. Bad-tibira holds a prominent place in early Mesopotamian history. It appears in the Sumerian King List as the second city to exercise kingship in the antediluvian period. The city’s ruins lie near the modern town of Al-Madain in Dhi Qar Province, southern Iraq.