Yapahuwa

Yapahuwa was a one-time capital of medieval Sri Lanka, known for its remarkable architectural qualities and its strategic military significance. Perched on a massive 90-meter rock boulder in the style of the Sigiriya rock fortress, Yapahuwa was home to the palace and military stronghold of King Buvanekabahu I in the 13th century. The site is renowned for its ornate stone carvings, some of which are considered the best examples of Buddhist sculpture in Sri Lanka. The most notable feature is the Yapahuwa Lion staircase that once gave access to the palace located at the summit of the rock. Today, Yapahuwa remains a testament to the ingenuity of ancient Sri Lankan architecture and is a significant archaeological site that attracts scholars and tourists alike.

Historical Background of Yapahuwa

Yapahuwa’s discovery by modern historians and archaeologists isn’t well-documented, but it’s clear that the site has been known to locals for centuries. The fortress was built by King Buvanekabahu I in the late 13th century, during a period of political instability and threat of invasion. It served as the capital of Sri Lanka for a brief period, from 1273 to 1284. The choice of location was strategic, offering natural defenses and a commanding view of the surrounding countryside.

After the death of King Buvanekabahu I, Yapahuwa was briefly the home of the sacred Tooth Relic of the Buddha, which is a symbol of sovereignty in Sri Lanka. However, the fortress was soon abandoned as a capital after it was invaded by the Pandyas from South India. The site was later used as a Buddhist monastery until the 14th century, after which it was largely forgotten and reclaimed by the jungle until its rediscovery.

Yapahuwa’s historical importance is also marked by its brief tenure as the capital. It was during this time that the Tooth Relic was kept there, signifying the city’s temporary status as the heart of the Sinhalese kingdom. The fortress complex was not only a royal residence but also a military stronghold, designed to protect the king and the relic from potential threats.

Despite its short-lived prominence, Yapahuwa left behind an impressive legacy in the form of its unique architecture. The site has been the subject of archaeological interest since the British colonial period, with several excavations revealing the complex’s past glory. The most significant of these is the ornate staircase, which has become an iconic symbol of Yapahuwa’s historical and cultural significance.

Yapahuwa’s decline was as rapid as its rise. After the invasion by the Pandyas, the fortress was stripped of its treasures, including the Tooth Relic, which was taken to India before being returned to Sri Lanka. The site was later inhabited by Buddhist monks, but it never regained its former status as a political center. Today, Yapahuwa stands as a silent witness to the ebb and flow of Sri Lankan history, its ruins offering a glimpse into a bygone era.

About Yapahuwa

Yapahuwa is a testament to the architectural prowess of ancient Sri Lankan civilization. The site’s most striking feature is the ornate staircase that leads to the palace ruins atop the rock fortress. This staircase is adorned with intricate carvings of lions, elephants, and other figures that showcase the artistic skills of the era. The stairway is considered a masterpiece of Sri Lankan rock carving and is a focal point for visitors.

The palace and fortress complex were constructed using massive stone blocks, with the natural rock formations providing additional defense and structural support. The layout of Yapahuwa was designed to maximize security, with steep steps and narrow pathways that would have made it difficult for invaders to ascend to the palace. The remains of moats, ramparts, and guard posts can still be seen today, indicating the site’s military importance.

Architecturally, Yapahuwa blends elements of religious and secular design. The palace, located at the summit, was once a grand structure, though now only its foundations remain. Surrounding the palace are the remnants of Buddhist shrines and stupas, suggesting that Yapahuwa was not only a royal residence but also a center of religious significance.

The building materials used in Yapahuwa’s construction were primarily locally sourced stones, which have withstood the test of time. The craftsmanship evident in the stone carvings and structural designs reflects a high level of sophistication and attention to detail. The combination of defensive features and aesthetic elements makes Yapahuwa a unique example of medieval Sri Lankan architecture.

Despite the ravages of time and past invasions, Yapahuwa’s architectural highlights continue to impress. The site’s preservation allows for a detailed study of the construction techniques used during the period. The fusion of utility and beauty in Yapahuwa’s design speaks volumes about the priorities and capabilities of its creators.

Theories and Interpretations

Several theories and interpretations surround Yapahuwa, particularly regarding its use and significance. Some scholars suggest that the fortress was not only a royal residence but also a military command center, designed to oversee and protect the kingdom. The presence of the Tooth Relic at Yapahuwa has led to theories that the site held a special religious and political status during its time as the capital.

There are mysteries associated with Yapahuwa, such as the exact reasons for its rapid decline and abandonment. While invasions and political shifts are known factors, some speculate that there may have been additional reasons, such as economic decline or natural disasters. The lack of extensive historical records from the period leaves room for interpretation and further research.

Matching Yapahuwa’s architectural features to historical records has been a challenge for historians. The unique blend of defensive and aesthetic elements suggests a complex set of priorities for its builders. Theories about the site’s layout and design continue to evolve as new archaeological evidence comes to light.

Dating of Yapahuwa has been carried out using traditional archaeological methods, such as carbon dating and stratigraphy. These methods have helped establish the timeline of the site’s construction and use. However, the exact dates of certain structures and carvings remain subjects of scholarly debate.

The interpretations of Yapahuwa’s carvings and inscriptions have also been a focus of study. Some carvings are thought to depict religious stories and figures, while others are believed to represent historical events or important personalities of the time. The deciphering of these carvings adds depth to our understanding of the cultural and historical context of Yapahuwa.

At a glance

Country: Sri Lanka

Civilization: Sinhalese Kingdom

Age: 13th Century AD