Marlborough Mound is a prehistoric earthwork located in Marlborough, Wiltshire, England. The mound, which stands approximately 19 meters tall, is an artificial structure made of earth. Archaeological research suggests that its construction dates back to around 2400 BC, placing it in the Neolithic period. This dating was confirmed through radiocarbon testing of material extracted from the mound’s core.
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Historical Context
Marlborough Mound is one of several large mounds in southern England, including the more famous Silbury Hill. Both structures are within a short distance of the Avebury and Stonehenge complexes. Archaeologists believe the mound may have had religious or ceremonial significance, much like other monumental constructions from this era. The mound likely reflects the Neolithic community’s social and spiritual beliefs.
Norman Fortifications
By the late 11th century AD, the mound’s purpose shifted from its prehistoric origins. The Normans, after their conquest of England, used Marlborough Mound as the motte for a castle. Marlborough Castle was part of a network of fortifications built to secure Norman control over key areas. The strategic location of the mound allowed for defense and surveillance over the surrounding lands. Although the castle no longer exists, historical records indicate its importance during the reigns of several English monarchs, including Henry I and King John.
The Role of Marlborough College
In the 18th century, Marlborough Mound became part of the landscaped grounds of Marlborough College. The college, founded in 1843, continues to maintain the mound as a significant feature of its campus. During this time, the mound was transformed into a garden feature, with trees and pathways added to its surface. However, its historical significance was not fully understood until much later when modern archaeology began studying the site in greater detail.
Archaeological Investigations
In 2010, a series of archaeological investigations led by English Heritage and other experts focused on Marlborough Mound. These studies aimed to determine the mound’s age and explore its construction. Radiocarbon dating from core samples revealed the Neolithic origins of the mound, linking it to other prehistoric sites in the area. The investigations provided crucial insights into its original purpose and confirmed that Marlborough Mound predated the Norman period by several millennia.
Importance of Marlborough Mound
The Marlborough Mound is a unique archaeological site because it serves as a rare example of continuity in use across different periods of history. Its origins as a Neolithic monument, its adaptation into a Norman motte, and its later use as part of a college landscape demonstrate the changing functions of monumental structures over time. Furthermore, the mound’s proximity to other important Neolithic sites suggests its role within a larger prehistoric landscape, possibly linked by ritual or ceremonial functions.
Preservation and Current Status
Marlborough Mound is now a protected site, with ongoing efforts to preserve its structure. The mound is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, meaning it is legally protected due to its national importance. Although it is located within the grounds of Marlborough College, the mound is occasionally opened to the public for guided tours, allowing visitors to learn about its rich history.
In summary, Marlborough Mound stands as a testament to the long and complex history of human occupation in southern England. Its importance spans from the Neolithic period through the Norman conquest and into modern times. Continued archaeological research promises to further unravel the mysteries surrounding this ancient structure.
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