El Fuerte de Samaipata

Discovering the Wonders of El Fuerte de Samaipata

Nestled in the eastern foothills of the Bolivian Andes, El Fuerte de Samaipata stands as a testament to centuries of history and culture. This UNESCO World Heritage Site in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, attracts tourists from all over. Let’s dive into the rich tapestry of its past and present.

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A Melting Pot of Cultures

El Fuerte de Samaipata, known simply as “El Fuerte,” showcases a blend of three distinct cultures: the Chanè, the Inca, and the Spanish. This archaeological marvel, located near the town of Samaipata, is not just a fort but also a ceremonial and residential site. Its origins trace back to the Chanè, a pre-Inca people of Arawak descent. Later, the Inca expanded into this area, followed by Spanish colonizers.

A Site of Many Uses

Despite being labeled a fort, Samaipata served multiple purposes. It was a religious, ceremonial, and residential hub. The Chanè began its construction, later expanded by the Inca in the late 14th or early 15th centuries. This site bears witness to the raids by Guarani warriors who settled and dominated the region even during Spanish colonization.

The Inca Influence

Around 300 AD, the Chanè started shaping the great rock, which became the ceremonial center. By the late 1400s, the Incas, under Tupac Yupanqui’s rule, incorporated Samaipata into their empire. They established it as an administrative, ceremonial, and religious center. Protected by outlying fortresses, Samaipata stood as one of the empire’s most isolated areas.

Spanish Conquest and Abandonment

In the 17th century, Spanish chronicler Diego Felipe de Alcaya detailed how the Inca expanded into Samaipata. They faced resistance from the Guarani, who eventually settled in the area. The Spanish built a settlement at Samaipata, with remains of Arab Andalusian architecture still visible. However, by 1618, they moved to a nearby valley, establishing the town of Samaipata.

Exploring the Site

El Fuerte covers about 20 hectares, divided into ceremonial and residential sectors. The northern ceremonial sector features a large rock with carvings, including geometric shapes and animal figures. Notably, the “coro de los sacerdotes” or “choir of the priests” includes 18 niches carved into the rock, likely for priests or ceremonial storage.

The southern residential sector possibly served as an Incan provincial capital. It includes a large trapezoidal plaza bordered by a “kallanka,” a significant rectangular building for public gatherings. The site also hosts an Acllahuasi, a nunnery for chosen women who participated in ceremonies and weaving.

Preservation and Access

To protect this historical treasure, the inner area is cordoned off due to damage from visitors and erosion. However, much of it remains accessible. Buses run from nearby Samaipata, making it easy to visit. The site is under the care of Stonewatch, a nonprofit dedicated to conserving rock art.

Conclusion

El Fuerte de Samaipata is more than just ruins; it’s a journey through history. It reflects the confluence of different cultures, the strategic importance of the Inca empire, and the resilience of the Spanish colonizers. Visiting this site offers a glimpse into the diverse and rich history of Bolivia.