Tongwancheng

Located in the northern part of Shaanxi Province, China, Tongwancheng is a historical site that has captivated historians and archaeologists alike. This ancient city, whose name translates to “City ruling ten thousand,” was once the capital of the Hu Xia dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period in the early 5th century. Its ruins, spread over a vast area, offer a glimpse into the grandeur of a civilization that thrived over 1,500 years ago.

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Historical Background

Tongwancheng was built by around 100,000 Xiongnu of the Hu Xia dynasty under the command of Helian Bobo (Emperor Wulie) in 419. He envisioned it as a symbol of unity and power. He wanted to be lord of 10,000 states (“Tong” means “unite,” while “wan” means 10,000). The city’s construction began in 419 AD and was completed in 423 AD, making it over 1,600 years old. The city was built over the period of 6 years using sand, white clay earth, and powdered rice and was placed in the heart of the Ordos region.

Architectural Highlights

The city of Tongwancheng was built on a grand scale, covering an area of about 16 square kilometers. The city walls, made of rammed earth and white chalk, were an impressive 12 meters high and 20 meters wide at the base. The city was designed in a rectangular layout, with the palace complex at the center and residential areas, temples, and markets surrounding it. The construction materials, mainly earth and chalk, were locally sourced, demonstrating the ability to adapt to the environment. The city’s most distinctive feature is its white walls, which gave it the nickname “White City.”

Theories and Interpretations

Historians believe that Tongwancheng was not just a political center but also a strategic military base. Its location on the southern edge of the Mongolian Plateau made it a natural barrier against invasions from the south. The city’s design, with its high walls and wide moats, further supports this theory. Archaeological evidence, including remnants of weapons and horse equipment, suggests that the city was home to a large cavalry force. Radiocarbon dating of organic materials found at the site confirms that the city was occupied during the 5th century.

One intriguing aspect of Tongwancheng is its alignment. The city’s main axis is oriented towards the summer solstice sunrise, a feature common in many ancient Chinese cities.

Good to know/Additional Information

Despite its historical significance, Tongwancheng remained largely forgotten until the 20th century. It was rediscovered in the 1930s by a Chinese historian, and since then, it has been the subject of numerous archaeological excavations. Today, the site is recognized as a National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit in China, and efforts are underway to preserve its ruins and uncover more of its hidden secrets. A visit to Tongwancheng offers a unique opportunity to step back in time and experience the legacy of a civilization that once ruled the Asian steppes.