The Archaeological Significance of Pacopampa
Pacopampa, a term derived from Quechua meaning “paqu pampa,” is an archaeological site of monumental importance located in the northern highlands of Peru, specifically within the department of Cajamarca. This site, dating from 1200 to 500 BC, showcases the remains of a ceremonial center constructed from cut and polished stone, marking it as a significant location from the Formative period of pre-Columbian history.
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Geographical Context
Situated at an elevation of 2140 meters in the village of Pacopampa, within the Querocoto District of the Chota province in the Cajamarca Region, this site is among the largest ceremonial centers in the northern highlands of Peru. The surrounding area is rich in archaeological significance, with a dozen sites identified, though only a few, such as Chapel and El Mirador located one kilometer east, and Pandanche, another Formative period ceremonial center 3 km southeast, have been studied in detail.
Historical Research and Discoveries
The site first gained scholarly attention in the 1930s when Rafael Larco Hoyle collected lithosculpture samples, which are now housed in the Larco Museum in Lima. Initially, Pacopampa was linked to the Chavin culture, a theory proposed by Tello concerning the origins of Peruvian culture.
Subsequent research in the 1960s and 1970s, notably by Pablo Macera and the team of Hermilio Roses and Ruth Shady, delved into the architectural structures and conducted excavations. Their work distinguished two phases of Pacopampa: the earlier phase (1200 BC) before Chavin influence, and the later Pacopampa-Chavin phase (700 BC).
The Lady of Pacopampa
A significant discovery was made in 2009 by the Pacopampa Archaeological Project team led by Yuji Seki. They unearthed the tomb of a woman, dubbed “The Lady of Pacopampa,” dating to approximately 900 BC. This find suggests she was a person of considerable influence, as indicated by the rich grave goods found with her, including earmuffs, gold earrings, ceramic pots, and seashell necklaces. Her skull, artificially deformed and dipped in cinnabar, alongside the depth and boot shape of her tomb, which remained untouched by looters, provides valuable insights into the social and ceremonial practices of the time.
Conclusion
Pacopampa stands as a testament to the complex ceremonial and social practices of the Formative period in the northern highlands of Peru. The ongoing research and discoveries, such as those of “The Lady of Pacopampa,” continue to enrich our understanding of pre-Columbian cultures and their development. The stewardship of the site by the National University of San Marcos ensures that Pacopampa will remain a focal point for archaeological study and preservation, offering profound insights into the ancient past of the Andean region.
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