Introduction to Ishibutai Kofun
The Ishibutai Kofun stands as a monumental testament to Japan’s Asuka period, located in the eastern region of Shimanoshō, Asuka, Nara Prefecture. This megalithic structure, believed to be the tomb of Soga no Umako, is the largest of its kind in Japan, covering an area of 27 m2 (291 sq ft). Known alternatively as Ishibutoya Kofun, it is situated merely 5 km from the Tanzan Shrine, embedding it within a rich tapestry of historical and cultural significance.
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Etymology
The nomenclature of Ishibutai Kofun derives from two Japanese words: “ishi” meaning “stone,” and “butai” meaning “stage,” reflecting its resemblance to a large stone stage. Historical records, including the Saigoku sanjūsansho meisho zue by Kanenari Akatsuki in 1853, confirm the usage of this name since at least the Tokugawa period.
Association with Soga no Umako
Historical texts, notably the Nihon Shoki, suggest that the Ishibutai Kofun served as the final resting place of Soga no Umako (559? – 626 AD), a prominent figure during the reign of Empress Suiko. Sadakichi Kita, a renowned historian and archaeologist, posited that the Ishibutai Kofun corresponds to the “Momohana” tomb mentioned in these ancient records. Kita also theorized that the earthen mound of the kofun was dismantled as a punitive measure against the Soga clan by the imperial government following Umako’s death.
Structural Overview
Stone Entrance and Platform
Constructed on a mountain spur, the Ishibutai Kofun features a platform, gallery entryway, stone walls, a tomb, ceiling megaliths, and embankments. The platform originally measured 50 m on each side, surrounded by a 12 m wide moat, indicating a significant architectural endeavor.
Approach and Tomb
The kofun’s entrance path extends 38 m, with a drainage channel running its length. The tomb itself is a corridor-type structure, measuring 7.5 m in length, 3.4 m in width, and 4.8 m in height, constructed from 30 large stones sourced from Mount Tōnomine.
Ceiling and Mound
The tomb’s ceiling is particularly notable for its two massive megaliths, weighing approximately 60 and 77 tons. Originally, these stones were covered by a broad, flat earthen mound, which has since eroded, exposing the megaliths.
Excavation and Findings
Kōsaku Hamada initiated the first excavation of the Ishibutai Kofun in 1933, with subsequent excavations revealing no significant finds, likely due to grave robbery. However, these efforts did uncover a tuff sarcophagus and various artifacts, including gilt and bronze implements. The kofun was designated a historical remain in 1935 and later a Special Historic Site in 1954, underscoring its cultural and historical importance.
Transportation and Accessibility
The Ishibutai Kofun is accessible via Asuka Station on the Kintetsu Yoshino Line, with the Asuka Tour Bus providing hourly service to the site. Additionally, bicycle rentals offer an alternative means of exploring the Asuka Historical National Government Park, where the kofun is located.
Conclusion
The Ishibutai Kofun remains a pivotal archaeological site, offering invaluable insights into Japan’s Asuka period and the socio-political dynamics of the era. Its designation as a Special Historic Site not only preserves its legacy but also facilitates ongoing research and public engagement with Japan’s rich historical heritage.
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