Amri is an ancient archaeological site located in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It dates back to the pre-Harappan period, showcasing a continuous occupation from the 4th millennium BCE to the end of the 3rd millennium BCE. The site is significant for its early development of urbanization in the Indus Valley Civilization. Excavations at Amri have revealed a sequence of cultures, providing insights into the prehistoric development of the region.
Historical Places
Bhirrana
Bhirrana, also spelt as Bhirdana and Birhana, is an archaeological site located in the Indian state of Haryana. It has gained prominence for being one of the oldest pre-Harappan sites, where evidence of continuous settlement can be traced back to before the rise of the Indus Valley Civilization. Excavations at Bhirrana have revealed a pre-Harappan culture dating back to as early as 7570-6200 BCE. The site showcases early evidence of farming and pastoralist activities in the region, providing crucial insights into the prehistoric era of the Indian subcontinent.
Girsu
Girsu, once a prominent city in ancient Mesopotamia, remains a testament to the Sumerian civilization’s ingenuity. Located in present-day Iraq, it was one of the earliest known cities in world history. Girsu thrived as a major urban center during the third millennium BC. It was a hub of culture, religion, and governance for the Sumerians. The city is particularly renowned for its temple dedicated to the god Ningirsu, showcasing the spiritual devotion of its inhabitants. Excavations have unearthed a wealth of artifacts and cuneiform tablets, offering insights into early urban life and the dawn of writing.
Bad-tibira (Tell al-Madain)
Bad-tibira, also known as Tell al-Madain, is an ancient Sumerian city. It was one of the earliest urban centers in the world. The city’s name translates to “Fortress of the Copper Workers,” hinting at its historical significance in metalwork. Bad-tibira holds a prominent place in early Mesopotamian history. It appears in the Sumerian King List as the second city to exercise kingship in the antediluvian period. The city’s ruins lie near the modern town of Al-Madain in Dhi Qar Province, southern Iraq.
Adab (Bismaya)
Adab, also known as Bismaya, is an ancient Sumerian city located in modern-day Iraq. It flourished during the early dynastic period, which dates back to approximately 2900-2334 BCE. The city’s ruins were discovered in the early 20th century, revealing a rich history and significant contributions to the development of early urban civilization. Adab played a crucial role in the political and economic landscape of Sumer and has been a focal point for understanding the evolution of ancient Mesopotamian societies.
Shuruppak
Shuruppak, once a flourishing Sumerian city on the banks of the Euphrates River, is a testament to ancient Mesopotamian civilization. Known as one of the oldest cities in the world, it dates back to at least the early third millennium BC. The city is mentioned in ancient literature, including the Epic of Gilgamesh, and is associated with the Sumerian King List. Excavations have revealed a wealth of information about early urban development, trade, and the daily life of its inhabitants.